This page presents draft information, that is still being actively researched and fact checked. It may be incomplete, and contain more than the normal level of mistakes and factual errors. If you have any corrections or additions please get in touch.
This page represent an initial place to present information I have come across that relates to mills and milling in New Zealand, but which does not currently have another obvious home on the site.
It is very possible that over time, as more material is accumulated on a particular aspect, a new page is produced specifically about that, and material may thus migrate from this page to other pages.
IN Pursuance of the Patents Act, 1860, I, THOMAS LORD, of Waltham, near Christchurch, in the Province of Canterbury in New Zealand, hereby give notice that I have applied for a Grant of Letters Patent for the sole use, benefit, and advantage in New Zealand of certain Improvements in the Construction of Horizontal Windmills. Any person who may wish to prefer any objection to the granting of such Letters Patent is requited, within four calendar months after the publication of this advertisement to send to the office or address of John Boyle Bennett, Esq., at Wellington, a statement in writing setting forth the grounds of such objection, subscribed with his proper name and address.
(Signed) THOMAS LORD.
Waltham, near Christchurch, 28th November, 1870,
AUCKLAND MARKETS.Daily Southern Cross, Volume X, Issue 656, 11 October 1853
Wheat and Flour. — Messrs. Low and Motion's. Prices :— Fine flour, £22 ; seconds, £18, per 2000 lbs. ; wheat, 7s. to 7. 6d., per bushel ; bran, 1s. 3d. per bush. Mr. Fletcher's Steam Mill. Fine flour, £22 ; seconds, £20, per ton ; bran, 1s. 6d. per bushel. Mr. Partington's Mill. Fine flour, £22 ; seconds £20, per ton ; pollard, 1s. 8. per bushel ; bran, 1s. 3d. per bushel.
The flour market is firm, prices remain steady, about 2000 bushels of wheat have been delivered at the mills, during the week, the price for which has been from 7s. to 8s, per bushel, according to quality.
Wheat and Flour. — Messrs. Low and Motion's. Prices :— Fine flour, £22 ; seconds, £18, per 2000 lbs. ; wheat, 7s. to 7. 6d., per bushel ; bran, 1s. 3d. per bush. Mr. Fletcher's Steam Mill. Fine flour, £22 ; seconds, £20, per ton; bian, 1s. 6d. per bushel; wheat, 7s, to 7s. 6d. do. po. — Mr. Partington's Mill. Fine flour, £22 ; seconds £20, per ton; pollard, ls. 8. per bushel; bran, 1s. 3d. per bushel ; wheat, 7s. to 7s. 6d. per bushel.Daily Southern Cross, Volume X, Issue 658, 18 October 1853
There is no alteration in the price of flour since our last report, the market is very firm, and the quantity of wheat delivered at the mills, during the week, small, fine samples clean and free from smut, would fetch from 7s. 6d. to 8s. per bushel.
Wheat and Flour. — Messrs. Low and Motion's. Prices :— Fine flour, £22 ; seconds, £18, per 2000 lbs. ; wheat, 7s. 6d., per bushel ; bran, 1s. 3d. per bush. — Mr. Fletcher's Steam Mill. Fine flour, £22 ; seconds, £20, per ton; bran, 1s. 6d. per bushel ; wheat, 7s. 6d. to 8s. , do. do. — Mr. Partington's Mill. Fine flour, £22 ; seconds £20, per ton; pollard 1s. 8. per bushel; bran, 1s. 6d. per bushel ; wheat, 7s. 6d. to 8s. per bushel. There is no alteration in the price of flour since our last report, the market is firm, at above rates: — There has been an advance in the price of wheat during the week : the prices now quoted at the various mills being about 6d. per bushel above previous rates.This weekly reporting of the prices was a regular occurence in the Daily Southern Cross for about a year. Following that, a similar rundown of prices appears in the New Zealander for a number of years.
TO BE SOLD,later corrected to read "French burrs"! From: New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator, Volume III, Issue 166, 10 August 1842
A SMALL THRASHING MACHINE, flour mill with trench, burrs, a circular sawing machine, a lathe, a smith's forge, large screw, timber chains, and several sets of ox and horse traces and gear.
Enquire at Mr. White's, on the Beach, Petoni.
An excellent opportunity for the Investment of a small Capital.Wellington Independent, Volume IX, Issue 940, 14 October 1854
THE undersigned has for sale, on most advantageous terms, a Patent Portable Progressive Burr Stone Flour Mill, and a Circular Sawing Machine, with a horse wheel, gear, &c, complete. Also, a new Wince.
Waitt and Tyser.
August 8, 1842.
Flour Mill Machinery for Sale. Expected to arrive in November, or December.Daily Southern Cross, Volume XV, Issue 1199, 24 December 1858
2 PAIRS French Burr Stones, 2ft.6in. diameter, with spindles, &c, complete in every respect. 2 cast iron bevel Pinions for mill stone spindles 2 cast iron bevel wheels, with wooden caps to drive pinions 1 horizontal axis for bevel wheels, with cast iron drum wheel, brass bearings, &c. &c. 1 wire cylinder, and all the iron work, &c., for a dressing machine, with spare brushes, wire-cloth, &c.
The whole of the above work will have been carefully fitted together in London by Messrs. Wm. Dray & Co. The mill stones will be dressed, the level wheels provided with wooden cogs - of which a number of spare ones and mill bills will also be sent - so that the machinery might be put in use immediately after its arrival; it would be capable of grinding and dressing, on an average 1 ton of flour in an ordinary day's work.
Also, for Sale at the same time, One new high pressure Steam Engine, about six horse power, with boiler, spare brasses, &c. &c., complete - intended to drive the before-mentioned Flour Mill machinery - but which would also be admirably adapted for working a Saw-Mill, as it could he easily removed to the different situations where timber was most abundant.
George Moore. Wellington, Oct. 7, 1854.
FOR SALE, ONE Improved Portable Corn Grinding and Dressing Mill, with 18 inch French Burr Stones, large Fly Wheel, complete. Newman & Ewen.Daily Southern Cross, Volume XV, Issue 1199, 24 December 1858
CONNELL & RIDINGS Have received instructions to sell by auction, on the 1st day of February, 1859. THE FACTORY MACHINERY, Punts, Dwelling Houses, Land and Effects of the Glen-Eden Works at Matakana, belonging to the late Firm of M. Whytlaw & Co., amongst the Property are the following : — ... A Steam Engine, 15 horse power ... 2 Circular Sawing Machines and Gear ... Steel Flour Mill with Fly Wheel, and Dressing Machine
Mr. Catchpool put his steam mill into operation a few days since, and it worked to his satisfaction. The engine drives two sets of griss stones and a circular saw. Logs are being brought from the Hutt and about the Bay for the use of this saw mill, which we hope will now soon contribute some wood to the market, for which there is a great demand. We believe this is the first steam mill erected in New Zealand. We heartily wish Mr. Catchpool every success.
The Union Steam Saw and Flour Mill Company have given out contracts for the erection of their buildings, and we hope their establishment will be in a state of forwardness in a few months.
The Amelia Thompson carried a steam mill to the Taranaki settlement, which we hope ere long to hear is in successful operation.
The Prince Rupert, daily expected, has also a steam mill, the site for which has not yet been selected. Queen Charlotte's Sound and Porirua Bay have been suggested as good districts, but we suspect it could make a trade for itself. With plenty of logs from the coast and grain from South America, and these mills, we shall be enabled to furnish Australia with some useful articles. As "manufacture makes produce," foreign grain converted into flour would be received at Sydney upon the same terms as flour made from New Zealand grain. We regard the imposition of foreign duties on the produce of New Zealand, of which we made mention last week, as quite temporary. So soon as the Colonial-office are made acquainted with this regulation, the Sydney Customs will receive instructions, under which our produce will be admitted on the same terms as the productions of Van Dieman's Land.
From: New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator, Volume II, Issue 110, 26 January 1842
Public Sale, By order of Michael Murphy, Esq., Collector of Intestate Estates for the Southern District of the North Island of New Zealand.
MESSRS. BETHUNE and HUNTER will sell by public auction, at Lambton-quay, (immediately after the sale at Custom Home,) on Friday, the 28th instant,
EFFECTS, the property of Wm. Rufus Tyrrel, Esq., deceased, consisting of a variety of assorted ironmongery and agricultural implements, cart complete, corn mill, tool chest, iron safe, one bundle zinc, guns and pistols, &c, &c, and other goods.
Various mistakes were made. Thompson, while still open to conciliation, visited Auckland to see the Governor and ask for a small loan to aid his tribe in erecting a flour-mill. Governor Grey would have granted both the interview and the money with good grace. Governor Browne refused both, and the Waikato chief departed deeply incensed.
Lyttelton Times, Volume XXXVI, Issue 3404, 12 December 1871
WANTED TO RENT, a FLOUR MILL by the Year, or Lease. Address stating terms and locality to W. M., office of this paper.
Lyttelton Times, Volume XXXVII, Issue 3468, 26 February 1872
WANTED, an experienced MILLER and a good PLOUGHMAN. Apply to W. STONYER & CO., Ohoka Mills.
WANTED, a MILLER; none but a good hand need apply. W. MOIR, Central Hotel.
TO MILLERS. WANTED, a MAN, who can take charge of a Country Mill. Apply at once to J. L. WILSON, Canterbury Stores.
Interesting info on the cost of building a mill: Daily Southern Cross, Volume XXII, Issue 2872, 9 October 1866
COMPENSATION COURT.— Friday. (Before T. Beckham, Esq., Commissioner)
EDWARD DIXON, BAY OF PLENTY
The original claim was £300 6s., and the award £228 6s
Mr. Boardman stated to the Court that the claimant could not attend, but Mr. Bain would appear for him.
William Bain deposed: I know the machinery sent for the flour mill which was destroyed. The mill was constructed for Maoris. The machinery - the iron work - was value for about £80. The two millstones cost £25 7s. 6d. in Auckland. Mr. Dixon came away with others for fear of the natives.
Abraham Warbrick deposed: I resided near the place in July, 1863. I know the place where Edward Dixon resided. He had a draught horse and some cattle. The horse would be worth £30 or £40. I knew the site of the mill. I conveyed the machinery at various times from Auckland to the mill. Ihe machiuery would be worth £80. I think £7 would be about the cost of transit of the stones. I think I received £10 to convey the machinery. The machinery was injured by the Maoris, and the Dixons were driven away. I saw the machinery a few days ago, and it seemed to be very much damaged. The stores [surely stones] are at the mill, inside the building. The Commissioner reduced the award to £168, for which a certificate would be given.
Colonist, Volume XVII, Issue 1961, 2 September 1875
FOR SALE CHEAP, AND TERMS EASY.
THE LOWER MOUTERE FLOUR MILL with MACHINERY, MILLSTONES, a First-class DRESSING-MACHINE, and other Appurtenances, together with DWELLING HOUSE, and One acre of LAND.
For further particulars, apply to J S EDELSTEN Auctioneer. Motueka, August 23rd, 1875
Mills and Mill Stones. —Last week we announced that there were seven Mills in operation, and in progress of erection in Cook's Straits. We have since been assured that there are two Mills at Taranaki, and both are driven with water power. The number of Flour Mills in operation and in progress of erection in Cook's Straits is eight instead of seven. We presume that, after next year, the Mill power will be equal at least to grinding 3,000 tons of Flour. Heretofore the Miller has had to look to France for stones with which to grind, and the expense is very great, both in obtaining the blocks or burrs, and cementing them together to form the mill stone. It is stated that, at Taranaki, there is a bluish kind of granite, which answers equally well, and that Mr. S. Oliver has applied it with perfect success in his Mill. If this prove correct this stone will not only be beneficial as diminishing the imports of the colony, but will become valuable as an export to all parts of Australia.
Published in Wellington, titled "Historic Places in New Zealand" from 1983 to 2002 and then as "New Zealand Heritage" from 2003 onwards.
Entries:
EDITED BY I ALEX. BATHGATE
ScannedOne writer, speaking of this period (1857), says : "With regard to the capital of the province, Dunedin, there are now evident symptoms of enlargment. ... There is one flour-mill in operation, and another flour and oatmeal company have commenced to build on the Kaikorai stream, there being a third in the Tokomairiro, all driven by water power."
Private enterprise was also being steadily developed. In order to meet the increasing demand for victuals, in August 1859, Duncan's flour mill at the Water of Leith was started. This mill was of much higher character than any of its predecessors, the owner having introduced the most modern machinery as well as erected his building on the most approved principle. This portion of the building, as well as the water-wheel, are still in constant work, although now largely added to.
Mason and Wilson's iron foundry and steam saw-mills were opened in January, 1860, and His Honour the Superintendent presiding at the opening ceremony, expressed his pleasure at finding Dunedin so far advanced as to give encouragement to such an enterprise; and although it was but a small beginning, the time was not far distant when numerous works would be started by ship-builders and boiler-makers, busily employing many hands in making iron vessels, steam-engines, and also railway engines and carriages. Taking advantage of the steam-power, a coffee and spice grinding establishment was shortly after erected contiguous to the sawmill. A second candle and soap works also sprang into existence in King-street, under the name of the Albion.
ASHBUEN PRIVATE LUNATIC ASYLUM.
In the centre of a lower lawn fronting the terrace a high flagstaff has recently been erected, and arrangements are now being made to illumine the place by means of electric light placed at the cross-trees of the flagstaff, and in connection with the electric light a water-mill of 12 horse- power, used for cutting chaff, &c., is to be utilised.
The Phoenix Company are also manufacturers of all descriptions of biscuits and confectionery, whilst Messrs. R. Hudson and Co. in addition produce various kinds of chocolate, chocolate creams, and cocoa. This industry has made rapid strides during the last few years, the output of cocoa, chocolate, &c., promising to be shortly sufficient for the local requirements, and the quality of the articles manufactured being quite equal to those imported from Europe. Messrs R. Hudson & Co. have also a flour mill working on the same premises.
The premises of Messrs. Cossens and Black cover a large area in Crawford street, opposite the Exhibition building. This firm make a specialty of windmills for pumping water, draining, &c. They also manufacture various agricultural implements, mining plant, and every description of machinery. Mining plant of their manufacture has been recently supplied for a Hydraulic Sluicing Co. in New South Wales.
LEITH VALLEY AND WATERFALLS.
The traveller may leave Dunedin by the coach, which for a modest fare takes him close up to the Waterfall, which forms an interesting feature in the scenery of the valley. Before reaching this spot, however, he will pass through the Town Belt, on which will be presented to view the first saw and flour mill, erected in the Province in 1850; not exactly the identical building, for it has undergone many enlargements as well as mutations, but the present building occupies the same site, and the same motive-power is used. The portion of the borough of Maori Hill, which we enter after crossing the Belt, where we escape from the jurisdiction of the city magnates, was called by its first purchaser Woodhaugh* and in the course of years a very extensive trade was done at tha saw mills, which, as the remains will show, dotted the valley along the river course, but their occupation, if not in every case like Othello's gone, is very nearly so. The Woodhaugh Paper Mills, the first which were established in the Colony, are situated at the bend of the river crossing, where the road leads off from the main road by the side of the creek to the Dunedin original Waterworks.
Picton Flour Mill
Until further notice the prices at the mill will be as follows:
FLOUR 200 lbs in sacks 25
100 " Bags 18
50 " " 7 6
Bran per bag 6
Sharps " 11
A. T. THOMPSON
Wheat! Wheat!
A T Thompson is prepared to buy Wheat and will receive ample with price at the Mills, Picton.
455—Allen & Co., Richard, Timaru, Canterbury. Flour manufactured by Patent Process from South Canterbury Wheats. 456—Aulsebrook & Co., John, Christchurch. Flour. 457—Baker, James W., Fordell, Wellington. 100 lbs Flour 1 Bag Fine Oatmeal 1 Bag Coarse Oatmeal Wholly of New Zealand-grown Wheat and Oats. 470—Duigan, James, Wanganui, Wellington. Flour made from Wheat grown in the Wanganui District. 476—Gerse, John J., Wanganui. Wheat Starch Corn Flour Dextrine. 477—Griffin & Sons, Nelson Flour and Milling Products. 499—Royal Flour Mills, Timaru. Flour—Patent Roller Process Bran and Sharps. 506—Watkins, James, Timaru. Farina (Wheatened Corn Flour), manufactured from New Zealand wheat Snow White Gloss Starch, manufactured from New Zealand Wheat.
Threshing mills was the name used in New Zealand to describe the portable threshing machines used to thresh the wheat and oats out in the fields. Most of the devices were imports, from the UK firm of Clayton and Shuttleworth, and they were transported to where they were needed by steam traction.
The Clark Brothers ran a threshing mill operation, and a retail store for agricultural produce, before eventually taking over the flour mill at Maheno. There were at least 3 brothers - David, Alex(ander) and James.
The first record I've seen of the firm was when one of their threashing machines was destroyed by fire in 1893: North Otago Times, Volume XXXVII, Issue 7899, 13 June 1893
The police have received information that on Saturday morning two stacks of grain and a threshing mill, belonging to Clark Bros., were destroyed by fire at Kauroo. From information given by Mr A. Clark it appeals that the mill and engine were put into the paddock alongside the stacks at 4 p.m. on Friday and started work at 5 pm, and continued for about an hour. After stopping everything was put right, the dampers being put down, and all secured. David Clark says he got up between 4 and 5 a.m. on Saturday, but the weather was too rough to light the fires, and he went back to bed. He got up again about 6, and found the stacks on fire. All the men in camp, which was about a mile away, rushed to the place, but they had to cross the river. By the time they got to the spot the stacks and mill were partly consumed, and were ultimately destroyed. The stacks would contain about 80 bags of wheat, or 320 bushels, and were insured in the South British office for L32, and the mill for L275 in the same office. Alexander Clark says the mill cost L364 in Maheno last year. One hundred new bags were also destroyed. These were insured, for L2 10s in the South British office. The mill was new this season, having been purchased from Anderson Bros. of Christchurch. We are informed that four fires have occurred in the Kauroo district this season, and the residents of the place are beginning to think there is a fire-fiend about, whose mission it is to set fire to stacks. It is a peculiar thing that the four fires have all been within a short radius of each other.The fire report mentions that the threashing mill was supplied by the Anderson foundry in Christchurch, and that firm were using a testimonial from the Clark Bros. in an ad that appeared a few months afterwards: Otago Witness, Issue 2080, 4 January 1894
THRESHING MILLS MANUFACTURED AT THE CANTERBURY FOUNDRY have given the Utmost Satisfaction. The following are the Testimonials from the Buyers of the two built last season :—The men working the threshing mills were paid on the quantity of threshing done rather than a daily wage, and this caused some Union disputes: Oamaru Mail, Volume XIX, Issue 5886, 6 March 1894
The Mill we purchased from you last season has done excellent work, and under somewhat trying circumstances, having very heavy straw to deal with. It has given the farmers every satisfaction, and produced good samples of wheat, oats, grass seeds, and especially barley.— Clark Bros., Maheno.
Amalgamated Shearers' and Laborers' Union.Oamaru Mail, Volume XIX, Issue 5889, 9 March 1894
An urgent meeting of the committee of the above Union was held last night for the purpose of receiving the agent's report re his interview with the men engaged at Messrs Clark Bros.' threshing mills, at present working under the contract system in the Oamaru district. Mr Green was elected to the chair, and called on Mr Boreham (the agent) to give his report. Mr Boreham read his authority as agent, given under the direction of the chairman (Mr Seymour). In accordance with this he (Mr Boreham) interviewed Mr Clark's employees on Sunday morning, with the result that he found the men greatly dissatisfied with the system. Nothing was, however, done on Sunday, and he returned to Oamaru and reported to the chairman. He was ordered to go out on Monday and call the men out, should Mr Clark refuse to pay them by the hour. He interviewed Mr Clark, and that gentleman refused to concede anything whatever. During the time he was conversing with Mr Clark, three of the men decided to leave, and demanded their tallies. He then found by the tallies that the men were only earning 1s 8d per day, having been at work four weeks, and only put through 4303 bushels of wheat at 10s per 1000. and 4485 bushels of oats at 8s per 1000. Mr Maxwell: "That's only a little over 1s 1d per day, Mr Boreham, after 13s per week has been deducted for tucker." Mr Boreham: "That's so; but in order to get the public to believe how unfairly we are dealt with by contractors I think it wise to deviate a little." However, when he found the men were only makiog say one or two shillings per day he thought they should act for themselves, and accordingly wired the secretary for instructions. The secretary replied : "Do not act rashly; better consult committee to-night." Mr Boreham said the matter was in the hands of the committee to deal with, and he moved, seconded by Mr Maxwell, "That the men be called out, but that the Union incur no expense in consequence. Mr Nelson moved as an amendment, "That an advertisement be inserted warning all unionists not to work at mills where the contract system was in vogue." This was seconded by Mr Spencer. Mr Boreham said he would withdraw his motion if Mr Nelson would agree to add "and papers containing advertisement be sent to men at Mr Clark's mill on Tuesday morning.' This was agreed to, and a vote of thanks to Mr Green closed the meeting.
The Threshing Mill Dispute.Oamaru Mail, Volume XIX, Issue 5895, 16 March 1894
We have been asked to insert the following report of an interview with the millowner in the above connection:
On Monday evening Messrs M. J. Power, vice-president, and S. Boreham, agent of the Union, in accordance with instructions from the Union, paid another visit to Messrs Clark Bros.' mill at Weston for the purpose of reading the agents' report and the advertisement forbidding unionists to work at any mill where the contract system was in vogue. After reading the report and advertisement, Mr Clark was sought by the representatives with a view to ascertaining whether it was possible to prevail on his better nature by moral suasion.
Mr Boreham started out by pointing out the abnormally low wages his (Mr Clark's) men were making, and quoted the fact that the three men who left his employ on Monday were paid off at a little under 1d per hour. Mr Clark denied this and proceeded to produce his tally book. Mr Power: Produce your cheque book, Mr Clark. Mr Clark : Do you doubt my word ? Mr Power : No ; but your cheque book would be conclusive. The cheque book was not produced and Mr Boreham continued to point out the evils of the system, Mr Clark continuing to justify his position and prove the big wages his men were earning. Mr Power then said : Well, Mr Clark, if it is a fact, as your say, that the men are making such good wages, why do you not concede to the Union's request and pay them 9d an hour? See what you would save, if what you are saying is true. Mr Clark made no reply. A hoarse voice that had been constantly interrupting the agents, blurted out from the inside of a bag tent: He can please himself. Mr Power made a bee-line for the voice, and thus addressed its owner : You have been continually interrupting us, and running down the efforts of the Union to get for you a living wage. Now were I to act before my employer as you have done before Mr Clark, my fellow workers would say that I had an object in doing so, and as you know the hour would better your condition, in speaking as you have done you have certainly not acted in accordance with your real feelings and good judgment. This finished the owner of the hoarse voice, and the agents were not interrupted again. During the interview with Mr Clark, Mr Boreham said : Well, Mr Clark, if you will guarantee your men 5s for every day you put the belt on, the Union will make their wages up to 6s per day. At this Mr Clark lost his temper, and the agents left him to calm down.
THE MILLOWNERS' STATEMENT.
Mr Clark's (the millowner's) statement of affairs is as follows. Of the three men who were paid off No. 1 worked 11 1/2 days but had tucker for four weeks, he was paid off with a cheque for LI 18s, which with his tucker account (L2 12s) and a few shillings deducted for a private account brought his wages to about 8s a day. No. 2 worked 13 1/2 days for a cheque of L2 14s clear and four weeks' tucker L2 12s, equal to about 8s a day, and No. 3 got his cheque for L3 7s for 13 1/2 days, and L1 19s deducted for three weeks' tucker, bringing his pay the same as the others. Mr Clark states that the above time was made threshing out of stook, where, on account of damp mornings, evenings, and wet weather full time is seldom made. He also states that two weeks of the time these men were in camp on tucker, a cook at L2 per week was kept on for their convenience. The rest of the men were at their homes. Mr S. Boreham, who called the men out, made up their time without consulting Mr Clark and did so at the rate of 8s per thousand for oats and 10s per thousand for wheat, whereas if left to Mr Clark himself he would have paid them their usual rate, viz., 8s oats, 11s wheat. Mr Boreham, in his communication to the Mail re the 1s 8d per day counted in the fortnight the mill was idle and the men away. Given fine weather the men average L2 per week clear when threshing from the stack; working in the stook it is naturally much less.
UNIONISM.Oamaru Mail, Volume XIX, Issue 5896, 17 March 1894
TO THE EDITOR.
Sir,—lf you will allow me a small space in your impartial paper, I wish to show other members of the Union how I have been treated by the officers of the Oamaru branch re the dispute with Clark Bros., contract mill owners. I was the only member of the Union working at No. 2 mill and my cheque from the time the mill started was at the rate of L2 5s per week. I was forced to leave the job or be stigmatised as a blackleg or a traitor to the Union. The officer in charge made a special journey to call me out, but I refused to come till I had given Mr Clark a week's notice, being satisfied with my employer and wages. Sir, I consider it a gross injustice to call a workman out if he is earning a fair wage. I have lost a long job, and am now having to travel many miles to get another one without success, and without the Union coming to my assistance to find me work. Sir, I am a thorough believer in every workman being in a union when it is carried on fairly and impartially to both parties, but when men are elected as officers to settle disputes, who use bounce for their main point of argument, they do their cause ten times more harm than they can possibly do good; and I hope my case will be a warning to all members who have their own interest at stake, and, like myself, refuse further subscriptions while such a state of things lasts in the management of the local branch. I am, etc., J. Martin.
CONTRACT THRESHING.Not all contract threshing went smoothly: Oamaru Mail, Volume XIX, Issue 5982, 27 June 1894
TO THE EDITOR.
Sir - Would the man, working at present at Messrs Clark Bros.' threshing mill, demonstrate how he can earn this year L2 6s per week at per thousand, as I am quite sure it could not be earned last year, working 12 hours a day? I am, etc. James Smith.
Magistrate's Court.North Otago Times, Volume XXXVII, Issue 8012, 27 June 1894
YESTERDAY. (Before Major Keddell, S.M.) Clark Bros. v. A. J. Atkinson, claim L24 5s 6d for threshing. Mr Harvey for the plaintiff and Mr Lee (Hislop and Creagh) for the defence. Plaintiff's case being closed, Mr Lee called Mrs A. Atkinson, who stated that one of the firm of Clark Bros, came to the house when her son was out, and she told him that her son was out, but that she would deliver the message. He told her the terms and she said her son would write to him. She denied having engaged the mill. She had let the farm to her son. To Mr Harvey: She had financed her son. There was no proper lease drawn up. He had used her implements. Ernest Atkinson said that he was cropping his mother's farm for two years up to 31st March. Witness saw James Clarke while the mill was at Mr R. P. Hay's. Witness asked them to go to him next, but Clarke said be was going to Totara first. He went again and saw Clarke, and arranged the prices. Nothing was said about whose crop it was. A month after receiving the account he wrote to Clarke Bros, and told them he was in difficulties. Then Alexander Clarke came to see him, and during conversation he arranged to give 60 bags of oats at 5s per bag. To Mr Harvey : When he went to Mr Hay's he knew there had been a conversation between one of the firm and his mother. He went to see if they would come. His mother told him what the price would be. He had spoken to Clarke on the show ground a month before he went to see his mother. He was one of the first to arrange for bringing their mill into the district. This was all the evidence, and his Worship said that, in face of the evidence, it was impossible for the plaintiff to recover, and gave judgment for defendant, with L2 15s costs.
MAGISTRATE'S COURT.Another threashing mill was lost to fire (with a strong likelyhood of arson) Oamaru Mail, Volume XIX, Issue 5997, 14 July 1894
YESTERDAY. (Before Major Keddell, S.M.) CIVIL CASES
Clark Bros. v. Mrs A. J. Atkinson, claim L24 5s 6d. Mr Harvey appeared for plaintiffs and Mr Lee (Hislop and Creagh) for defendant. David Clark (one of the plantiffs) said he saw Mrs Atkinson at Weaton about some threshing, and she gave instructions for the work to be done. Her son had nothing to do with the arrangement. To Mr Lee the witness said when he went to Cave Valley it was not by arrangement. He was looking for threshing contracts. Mrs Atkinson asked witness if he had seen her son on the road, but did not give a reason for asking. She said it was a pity her son was not there, She said she would take the particulars as to price, etc., so as to give them to her son. Mr Atkinson saw one of his brothers about the time the mill would come. Alex Clark said he kept the books of the firm, and had rendered the account to Mr Atkinson, as it was his usual custom to send acoounts to managers. He received a letter from Mr Atkinson saying he found he was in financial difficulties. He immediately saw Mr Atkinson, and told him that they never understood he had anything to do with payment, and that they looked to Mrs Atkinson. He said he had the place leased. He then got 60 bags of oats from Mr Atkinson at 5s a bag. To Mr Loe : He had not brought his books in. The three acccounts produced were rendered to Mr E. Atkinson. After the delivery of the different accounts Mr Atkinson told him he was in difficulties, and thereafter he got 60 bags of oats from Mr Atkinson. To Mr Harvey witness said he understood Mr Atkinson was managing for his mothor. This closud the plaintiff's case, and Mr Loe called Mrs A, J. Atkinson, who said that when one of the Clark. Bros, came to the house abou the threshing, she said her son had gone to Oamaru shortly before, and if he would let her know what were his terms she would let her son know, and if he did not see him, he would write to him (Clark). She pointed out to Mr Clark that her son had leased the place, and she had nothing to do with it. To Mr Harvey : Her son had paid part of the rent, but she had lost ubout L6OO in all. She guaranteed her son's account at the bank. There was no agreement in writing about the lease. She sold her son's horses and plant for rent. There was no bill of sale. There was yet his wheat and grass seed. A great deal of the farm plant was her own. She was the heaviest loser in the matter. She was particular in telling Clark Bros. who was responsible. When the sale of oats took place Clark Bros. had to wait till her son advised her whether they could get them or not. E Atkinson said he had leased the farm from his mother for two years, which expired on 31st March last. He saw Clark twice about the threshing, and arranged for it with him. He told Clark the crop was his, and when the accounts were sent in and he could not pay he oftered to give them some oats, and these were accepted from him. Clark Bros. knew who they were doing the work for. To Mr Harvey : When he went to see Clark Bros, it was in consequence of what his mother said about Clark calling at the house. He would not swear that his mothor did not say Clark Bros, were coming to thresh. He had seen Alex. Clark months before on the show ground about the threshing. His mother assisted him with money and guaranteed his account. The Magistrate said it was a question of the credibility of witnesses, and the documents put in by plaintiffs were against their claim, and they could accept a judgment for defendant or a non suit. Mr Harvey accepted a judgment for defendant, and costs of L2 15s against plaintiffs.
A threshing mill belonging to Messrs Clark Bros., of Reidston, was destroyed by fire on Wednesday morning last. The mill had finished threshing and was standing on the district road ahout 150 yards from the main road at Reidston. The mill was left all right at 11 o'clock on Tuesday night and at 7.30 next morning it was found to have been burned. There is no clue as to the origin, but incendiarism is suspected. The mill was insured for L235.As well as doing the work on farms, the firm also started selling various types of farm produce: Oamaru Mail, Volume XXIII, Issue 7349, 25 October 1898
CLARK BROTHERS MAHENO. OAMARU.
WE beg to advise that, at the request of our Numerous Friends in Town and Country, we have Opened a PRODUCE STORE in Humber street, adjoining M'Callum and Co's Timber Yards, where all orders will receive prompt attention. We have for sale a large stock of Chaff, Baled Straw, Crushed Oats, Wheat, Potatoes, Flour, Bran, Pollard, Hay, etc: OATS CRUSHED ON THE PREMISES.
All orders to be addressed— CLARK BROS., Humber Street, Oamaru.
Chaffcutters and Threshing Machine Owners.
Among the things which his friend had given him, was a supply of wheat for seed. Nothing like a field of grain of any kind had yet waved its golden ears on that fertile soil. To Tuatara was committed the honour of sowing the first crop of wheat, in a country destined, within forty years, to rival the best farms in England, both in the value of its crops, and the variety of its produce.
The green blade, and then the growing corn, were viewed with wonder by the natives. They knew the value of roots; but how the wheat could yield the flour, out of which the bread and biscuits, they had eaten in English ships, were made, was more than they could understand. They tore up some of the stalks, expecting to find something like their own potato at the root. That the ears should furnish the substance of a loaf of bread, was not to be believed. Either Tuatara was playing a trick with them, or he had himself been duped, and they were not going to be so taken in.
Tuatara had only to wait. The field was reaped, and the corn threshed out: then he found himself minus a mill! He tried in vain to grind his corn in a coffee-mill, borrowed from a trading ship; and now his friends laughed at him for his simplicity.
Fortunately, the missionaries brought him a hand-mill. Still incredulous, the people assembled to watch the result; but when the meal began to stream out beneath the machine, their surprise was great; and when a cake was hastily baked in a frying-pan, they shouted, and they danced for joy. Tuatara was now believed. He was right in the matter of the wheat, and they could trust him as to his report of the missionaries: they were good men. Thus the first favourable impression was made upon the savage Maories, whose race was, in the next generation, to become a civilized and Christian people.
FOR SALE, A FLOUR MILL AND STEAM ENGINE, RECENTLY IMPORTED. THE Flour Mill was constructed in Glasgow, under the superintendence of an eminent millwright, and is a strong first-rate piece of work. The Steam Engine is nominally 13 horse power, but can be worked to 20 with full steam. Further particulars can be learned and the plans inspected at the office of COOKSON, BOWLER & CO.
Yesterday the long talked of bazaar in aid of the fund for the erection of rooms for the Auckland Young Men’s Christian Association was opened at the Odd Fellow’s Hall, and if we may judge only by the happy looks and voices of all present, both young and old, the bazaar was a great success. ... In one of the bowers thus formed was placed a very tastefully executed paste-board model of a New Zealand village in the present century, and exhibiting various phases of modern refinement. In the centre as a corn-factory, with the wind-mill, and at a short distance off the "Red Lion Inn" is indicated by a gaudy sign, suspended from an old tree hard by. There is the running brook, with its pellucid stream of crystal water at which a parched and weary foot-passenger, with stick and bundle and old dog Tray, has stopped to catch a draught of that which "cheers but not inebriates." Then there is the wooden boarded bridge, "one of the olden time," but unfortunately not commonly improved upon in this Province, which crosses the stream and leads to the village church, situate on an eminence, with a parsonage house adjacent. In the old porch may be seen an elderly couple about to pay their devotions, and smiling placidly as the words recur to their minds, "How delightful are thy tabernacles."
CHILDREN'S LUNCHESNew Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22079, 8 April 1935
WHITE OR BROWN BREAD
COMPLAINT BY BAKERS
"TEACHER'S INTERFERENCE"
"The suggestion was probably made with the best of intentions, but it was a foolish thing for a teacher to interfere with lunches provided by parents for their children," remarked Mr. T. U. Wells, chairman of the Auckland Education Board, when a complaint was received at yesterday's meeting of the board that a teacher had dictated to pupils what sort of food they had to eat. It was alleged the teacher concerned told the pupils they must eat brown bread, and not white.
The complaint was received from Mr. S. S. Green, secretary of the Auckland Master Bakers and Pastrycooks' Association, who forwarded a letter from a parent stating that his child, after dropping a piece of cake in a passage at school, had to write out an imposition, "I must have fruit only in my play lunch." It was stated the children were told they must bring brown instead of white bread to school.
"We would respectfully ask that teachers be requested not to interfere in the matter of children eating bread and cake," stated Mr. Green. When interviewed, it had been stated by Dr. McGill, of the School Medical Board, that no instructions regarding the consumption of white bread had been issued from his department, although a circular issued by the Dental Department recommended the consumption of wholemeal bread, and asked for a prohibition of rich cake and pastry. Dr. McGill agreed that wholemeal bread was not obtainable, and said that good white bread was equally as good, if not better than the "wholemeal" as it was known in the Dominion. As far as block cake was concerned he agreed that its ingredients had nutritive value.
The board decided to refer the matter to the headmaster of the school concerned.
WHOLEMEAL BREADNew Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22081, 10 April 1935
Sir, - The Master Bakers have raised a very interesting issue in complaining of an educationist showing active concern with child dietary. This attitude seems analogous to the criticism formerly directed against compulsory examination of teeth in schools and with which of course, the question of food is directly associated. With all respect to bakers as such, I would that a bias (possibly subconscious) on such a matter renders a detached view difficult for them. Incidentally, the important question of "white or brown" bread has been revived and I would like to refer to the fact that the British Government has made exhaustive researches in this regard and that results should be of great assistance to all who wish to arrive at an informed opinion; perhaps one of your readers has the data available.
Untrammelled.
CHILDREN'S LUNCHESNew Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22084, 13 April 1935
Sir, - I read in the Herald of April 4 that some teachers had told children to eat brown bread, and that the bakers were objecting. The teacher was evidently enthusiastic and loved children and wanted them to have a good start in life and wanted to save them from rickets, goitre and dental caries. All thinking people know that wholemeal bread (not coloured white bread) is far more nourishing than white, but for some reason bakers seem to prefer to sell white bread. A well-known Auckland doctor told me that Aucklanders are very fortunate in having so many bakers making good wholemeal bread. A busy teacher once wrote to me suggesting I should give a delicate child of mine wholemeal bread, fruit, green vegetables and milk. The child was already having these, but I thank that teacher from the bottom of my heart for her interest. I live next door to a school and our fowls share the scraps from school. It makes my heart ache to see day after day a tinful of white bread and am sure if the mothers insisted on wholemeal bread there would not be so much for our fowls.
Health First.
CHILDREN'S LUNCHESNew Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22090, 22 April 1935
Sir, - I notice in your issue of April 4, a strange attitude taken by Mr. T. U. Wells, chairman of the Auckland Education Board and Dr. McGill of the School Medical Board, over schoolchildren's lunches. I should like to refer to some of the instructions and pamphlets issued to schools. In the "Syllabus of Instruction" issued by the Education Department I find:— "School lunches should be organised and eaten under supervision, the opportunity thus afforded being utilized to impart information as to the requirements of a satisfactory lunch. In J. Renfrew White's "The Growing Body" the official text book, I find in the ideal diets for school children: "No eating, except of fruit, between meals," and "Allow no soft white bread, scone, biscuits, sweet or iced cakes." In pamphlets issued by the Health Department regarding school lunches, I find: "Wheatmeal bread is preferable to white, being more nutritious and less liable to cause dental decay." These are just a few examples, but they serve to show that a teacher doing his duty must apply his health talks practically. I also understand that if wholemeal bread is not up to the standard required by the Health Department, the baker can be prosecuted
Country Teacher.
WHOLEMEAL BREADNew Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22094, 27 April 1935
Sir, - Out of all your correspondents in the recent wholemeal v. white bread controversy, no one has mentioned a rather striking historical fact. Every person in every bread-eating country up till 60 years ago ate wholemeal bread, because all wheat was ground in stone mills driven by wind or waterpower, and none of these modern refineries were in action. Therefore your 80-year-old correspondent cannot remember his youthful days with any exactitude. Fifty or 60 years ago the upper classes thought it more genteel and refined to eat bread made of refined flour, and the lower classes, wishing to imitate them, gradually took it on.
Wholly Wholemeal.
WHOLEMEAL BREADNew Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22098, 2 May 1935
Sir, - In your issue of April 22, a letter signed "Wholly Wholemeal" needs some correction. Will "Wholly Wholemeal" turn up in the Bible Leviticus xxiii., 13, and 11. Kings, vii., 1; also in the Church of England Prayer Book, Psalm 81, verse 17. It is not 60 years ago since fine flour was consumed, but some 4000 or so, as the foregoing verses in the Bible prove. Allan O'Neill. Takapuna.
Sir, - I notice that your correspondent "Wholly Wholemeal" says that all wheat was ground in stone mills 60 years ago, and that to him, proves everyone ate wholemeal bread. As a matter of fact, stones were superseded at Home by iron rollers in 1840. Until the beginning of last century a pestle and mortar and a sieve were used, and from olden times grain was winnowed, that is, the husks or bran separated from the flour by fanning. Even in the parable of the prodigal son one reads of the husks which the swine did eat. I do not know what happened, in New Zealand "50 or 60 years ago," but relatives inform me that at Home at that time brown bread was dearer than white, which was one reason why the poor preferred the white, and not because of being "more genteel." Brown bread contains more vitamins than white, but where a mixed diet is taken this is not of great importance, and the choice of bread should be left to individual taste. There is little difference in the calorific value of baker's grade white flour, 1640, and wholemeal, 1645. Does "Mother of Large Family" realise that the reason bakers sell more white bread may be because most people prefer it?
White For Choice.
WHOLEMEAL BREADwhich prompted a response about Auckland mills producing white flour before the introduction of roller milling: New Zealand Herald, Volume LXXII, Issue 22102, 7 May 1935
Sir, - It is amusing to read a correspondent's contention that white flour was the vogue in Biblical times. It is news indeed to learn that the modern steel roller system of grinding was then known. We all thought it was new about 75 years ago. Presumably then dentists and doctors were as busy as they are to-day. Members of my family, several of whom died at ages ranging from 84 to 95 years of age, had their teeth - at least a large proportion of them - until the last. The wheat was sown, reaped, and ground at a windmill on their own land; of course, between stones. The real reasons why more white than brown bread is used are chiefly because the modern generation were brought up on it, and one can get used to anything almost. O. S. Swinnock.
Sir, - "White For Choice" says truly that people eat white bread because they like it or prefer it. For the same reason many chocolates, rich cakes and pastry are consumed, not because they are wholesome. I think if people were to acquire the habit of wholemeal bread for a short time they would afterwards think white bread insipid and would then eat brown bread for the two reasons - that they liked it, and because it is more nutritious.
Brown Bread For Choice.
WHOLEMEAL BREAD
Sir, - In your issue of May 2 Mr. Swinnock states that he was amused by my contention that white flour was in use in the Biblical days, and that before the roller system of grinding, only wholemeal was used. Apparently Mr. Swinnock does not realise that white flour, equal to that in use to-day, was made before present system of grinding came into use. The present process has been in use for less than 50 years. I am 81 years of age, and white flour has always been used in my household and in my father's house. The mills in Auckland before the roller mills were Partington's Windmill in Symonds Street, Thornton Smith and Firth, Queen Street (about where Winstone's Building is situated), John Lamb's mill at Riverhead, Motion's mill near Western Springs, and Thomas' mill at Avondale. All these mills produced both wholemeal and white flour, and white flour equal to that of to-day.
Allan O'Neill
'Windmills and Stamps' is the title of an article by C. Philip Skilton in the May number of 'Gibbons' Stamp Monthly.' It reads as follows:—There are over 200 windmills still working in England. All windmills fall roughly into one of two classes - the post mill and the smock mill - of which the former is the older kind. As the direction of wind varies, the sails have to be made to face the wind. In the post mill type the whole of the mill is turned by hand, with the aid of a long pole, round a vertical pivot formed by the centre post of the mill. A good example is to be found at Bourn, near Cambridge. In the smock mill, however, the top only is automatically turned by means of the little "fantail."" A particularly fine example of the smock type is at Terling, near Chelmsford. England, peculiarly enough, has more windmills than any other country in Europe, if derelicts are counted, but Holland probably has more working ones.
Turning to stamps featuring windmills, though stamp designers do not seem to have supplied us with an abundance of them, I will describe all that I know of. First we will take Holland, land of windmills. The 2 1/2c. of the Tourist Propaganda issue, 1932, depicts three mills and the dykes at Kinderdijk. From what can be seen the mills appear to be of the smock type, and the fine lattice sails admirably show the fact that, as in most mills of this kind, two of the sails are longer than the others. Now, for what seems to be an example of the post type - Ukraine - the 200 gr. of the 1921 issue. This old mill stands on a hilltop overlooking the fields. Note the curiously composed sails. Another post mill can be seen in the background on the 1 gr., August, 1934, Austrian issue. The 1929 issue of Rodi, on the 5c., provides us with a very queer Mediterranean example. A round brick tower is surmounted by a wooden top, which might possibly class it as a smock type, but undoubtedly the most interesting part is the sails, which appear as a large spidery wheel. In Britain, too, though when there are more than four sails these are joined together at the tips to make for additional strength. A very historic windmill is shown on the Denmark stamps of January, 1937. This, is the Dybbel Mill, scene of the heroic resistance by the Danish troops against overwhelming Prussian forces in the war of 1864. This mill is an excellent example of the smock class, and all the details can be clearly seen - the sails, fan-tail, and also a little gangway all round.
A type unusual in England, though I believe more common in America, is found on, the 11.75 of Tripolitania, 1931. Wind-pumping engines of this class were developed from the mill proper towards the end of the last century. A wheel, consisting of a large number of thin blades, takes the place of the ordinary vanes.
Finally we come to two mills connected with books. These are, of course, Daudet’s mill in France and the Don Quixote one in Spain. The former is provided by the April, 1936, issue of France. Daudet, the "French Charles Dickens," purchased this mill at Fontvieille, and immortalised it by writing therein his 'Lettres de mon Moulin.' The mill itself is apparently a French version of the smock type, tbe lower portion being composed of brick. The sails have a curious feature, as each is overlaid by a triangular piece of wood. Some other mills of the same type can also be seen on the stamps. Don Quixote charging,the mill is shown on the 10c. of Spain, 1905. The sails are joined in all sorts of queer places, and the mill itself appears to be of the post type.
SUPREME COURT.-CIVIL SESSION.The case was taken back to the court later: Otago Daily Times, Issue 2036, 14 August 1868
Tuesday, June 16th. (Before His Honor, Mr Justice Chapman, and a Common Jury.)
His Honor took his seat at eleven o'clock.
WHAT IS A FIXTURE?
Peter Williams v. George Green and John Cargill. Mr Macassey appeared for the plaintiff, and Mr Barton, instructed by Messrs Kenyon and Maddock, for the defendant Green. The defendant Cargill, being nominally interested, and being no party to the suit, was not represented.
The action was brought to try whether the defendant had a right to remove certain buildings, on land leased by him, prior to the expiry of his lease....
The defendant's contention was, that having a short lease, and not secure of a renewal, he had purposely erected the building, so that it could be removed at any time without injury to the freehold. The jury had been left to infer that, because the building was set upon a stone foundation, it became a fixture; but that was not the law. In a case, where a windmill had been set upon a stone platform, it had been held a chattel; and a similar decision had been made respecting a barn set upon pillars.
"PART OF THE FREEHOLD."
Williams v. Green. - The following important judgment was delivered by Mr Justice Chapman, at the sitting of the Supreme Court in Banco; on Monday : — I am of opinion that this rule, which is for a new trial of the issue submitted to the jury, ought to be discharged, on the ground that there was evidence of sufficient affixing to the land to make the buildings part of the freehold. The defendant's case depended on the fact that the building, which is of timber, simply rested on the stone foundation, and was kept, in its position by its own weight; and a small model was produced and shown to the jury, to prove that with force enough the building could be lifted away from the foundation and from the chimneys leaving them standing alone. But I thought at the trial, and think now, that the chimneys are an important element. They are imbedded in the soil, and are part and parcel of the whole. I do not think it competent to the defendants to sever them from the rest of the building, and say, as their counsel said— "The chimneys are aflixed; we leave them to you, for they are yours; and we claim to remove everything else.". I am also of opinion, that the jury were entitled to take into consideration the nature of the building, and the nature of the land on which it is erected. The buildings, though called two, and though erected at different times, now constitute one three storeyed building, in the principal business street of Dunedin. It presents a uniform frontage to the street. Although the lease contains no covenant to build certain buildings on the land, there is a provision sufficient to show that building on the land was contemplated by the parties, for the landlord stipulates to pay a sum of money for buildings left on the land at the end of the term. The very nature of the land, namely, town land in the business part of the town, seems to imply that the land could not have been let or leased for any other purpose. We have heard of a town in New Zealand in the early days of the Colony described as being "very well adapted to agriculture," and possibly parts of Dunedin may still be eminently deserving of a like commendation; but Princes street has long passed from that stage if indeed, it ever occupied it. It is emphatically town. Land let there, not by the acre, rood, or perch, but measured, like some precious article, by the foot, cannot be brought reasonably within the same rules as are made to apply to land on which barns, granaries, windmills, and: numerous buildings of a secondary naiture, are erected; and therefore it is that I think that the quantum or degree of annexation to the freehold, taking all the circumstances into consideration, is a question for the jury.
PRODUCE STORE.
S. ROWE AND SONS, Manners-street,
BEG to inform the inhabitants of Wellington and its surroundings that, having erectod a Pair of Mill Stones (specially imported), they are prepared to crush all descriptions of Meal, to suit the requirements of their numerous patrons. All kinds of Meal kept on the premises, of the very best qnality. Hay, Chaff, Bran, Pollard, Wheat Meal, Barley Meal, Maize, Straw, &c, always in stock, and delivered free to any part of the city. All goods guaranteed very best qnality.
Yours truly, S. ROWE & SONS.
CHEAP ELECTRICITYNew Zealand Herald, Volume LXX, Issue 21392, 17 January 1933
GENERATION BY WIND PLANT AT RANGIRIRI
Cheap electricity is generated by Mr. E. C. Firth on his farm at Rangiriri. A windmill with sails built after the style of an aeroplane propeller drives the generating plant, and storage batteries, connected by a short reticulation system, are drawn on for domestic requirements. Continuity of supply is dependent on the prevalence of winds, but there are few occasions on which the batteries cannot cope with the demands made upon them.
Plant similar to that erected by Mr. Firth is on the market in overseas countries, but Mr. Firth believes that his is the first to be put in commission on continuous practical work in New Zealand. Mr. Firth was responsible for the design.
The dynamo is placed at the top of the mill tower and is driven from the windmill shaft by gearing. There is an attachment for conveying the electricity away from the mill without interfering with the movement of the mill platform, which is free to turn in any direction to suit the wind.
The electricity is conveyed by wires to storage batteries situated a little distance away, and thence to a house in which are installed nine incandescent lamps of from 12 to 20 candle-power. The full number of lamps is not needed at one time, and the batteries are capable of keeping four lamps in operation when the windmill is not running. Under most conditions the batteries can be used for three nights' lighting when the wind fails.
The plant was erected for experimental purposes, but has been found to be suitable for house lighting as far as a small plant of this description is capable. It has been in continuous operation for 15 months, and the total annual cost for electric power production is about 5s for lubricating oil, which is the only running expense.
ELECTRIC POWER FROM A WINDMILL
A wind power plant for generating electricity, which has been operating successfully at Rangiriri. It is believed to be the only one of its kind in the Dominion.
MISHAP AT WINDMILL
MAN'S ARM INJURED
When repairing a windmill Mr. Robert David Andrews, a sharemilker employed by Mr. W. Thompson, Stewart Street, Opotiki, had a narrow escape from serious injury. Mr. Andrews was engaged with a youth at the foot of the windmill when a piece of the top platform fell and struck Mr. Andrews on the shoulder and arm, which were cut by wood splinters. It was found that a large splinter was embedded in the arm and efforts to remove it failed. Mr. Andrews was examined by Dr. Budd, who immediately took him to the Opotiki Hospital, where an operation was performed and the splinter removed. It had just grazed the main artery.
DANCE AT BELMONT
A NIGHT IN HOLLAND
A very enjoyable dance was held at St. Michael's Hall at Belmont, last evening. The hall was artistically decorated by Mr. C. Eaton, to represent "A night in Holland." The stage was transformed into a Dutch garden with tulips growing in patches and a realistic windmill in the background. On the side walls, large paper ducks and tulips added to the attractiveness of the scene. During the evening Dutch caps were distributed among the guests. While the dancers took part in the grand march, an item entitled, "A Dutch Wedding," was given under the direction of Mrs. Wyatt. Supper was served by Mrs. Eaton, Mrs. Law, Mrs. Seagals, Mrs. Clark and Mrs. Haywood.
In the home trade we have to notice a further rise in wheat and flour quoted by the millers. Good samples of wheat are now worth 7s. per bushel, and flour, delivered, £22 per ton. The reason given for the rise is that it is necessary to keep the price for home consumption somewhat higher than that for export, now ruling at 6s. to 6s. 6d. It is also stated that the poverty of the late crop is taken into consideration, and that one of the objects in raising the price of wheat is to check exportation, from a fear that ultimately the supply may be found short, and prices become exorbitant. We have heard no estimate made of the yield of last harvest, but there is evidence enongh from observation that it was very generally poor, and the total produce below an average.That drew a letter from the Farmers Club: Lyttelton Times, Volume XI, Issue 686, 4 June 1859
THE PRICE OF WHEAT AND FLOUR.Daniel Inwood responded: Lyttelton Times, Volume XI, Issue 688, 11 June 1859
To the Editor of the Lyttelton Times.
Sir,-I am instructed by the Committee of the Farmers' Club to call your attention to an inaccuracy in your quotations of market prices in your issue of the 25th inst. Such inaccuracies, although sometimes unavoidable, may cause disappointment to traders and producers generally.
You state that good samples of wheat were then worth 7s., and in consequence that flour had advanced to £22 per ton. You certainly admit that this quotation was made by the millers, which I can readily believe, as I have seen a private letter from a miller to a baker in Lyttelton stating that wheat had risen on that day 1s. 6d. per bushel.
Now, although I am not prepared to say that 7s. may not in a solitary instance have been obtained on that day, I am prepared to deny that the price was general, or that an advance of 1s. 6d. was obtained at all.
You further say that "the reason given for the rise is that it is necessary to keep the price for home consumption somewhat higher than that for export, now ruling at 6s. to 6s. 6d." It is also stated that the poverty of the late crops is taken into consideration, and that one of the objects in rising the price of wheat is to check exportation, from a fear that ultimately the supply may be found short, and prices become exhorbitant.
If such were their real object it is to be regretted that this did not occur to them before they laid in their present stocks. I have before me a letter from a merchant here, dated May 25th, stating that he has just bought a large quantity of wheat at 6s. and that he found no difficulty in buying at that price.
If there be such a discrepancy in the prices of wheat and flour in Canterbury as to allow for the expense of sending wheat to Wellington to be ground for us, and the supply so short as to compel the Lyttelton bakers to buy foreign flour, at the rate of 40 tons per month, it is evident that it is high time active steps were taken by the public to destroy the millers' monopoly; this can only be done by increasing the mill power in this province.
I remain, Sir, yours &c, R.BRUNSDEN, Hon. Sec. Christchurch, 30th May, 1859.
WHEAT v. FLOUR.as did another unnamed miller:
To the Editor of the Lyttelton Times.
Sir, - It is seldom I notice the observations of your correspondents, but a few remarks in answer to a letter signed "K. Brunsden," in your paper of Saturday last, I think will not be out of place, as the letter may possibly cause some uneasiness in the public mind. It is true that mill power is at present under the requirements of the colony, but the three new mills now in course of erection, viz., my own, Mr. Steggall's, and Mr. Raven's, will give us mill power greatly exceeding the wants of the colony for many years to come. It is said there is a mill on board a ship that will shortly arrive; and a miller is about to sail for England, with the intention of returning with a mill complete. We have therefore little reason to fear being short of mill power again. I have calculated that my new mill will produce flour enough for the consumption of ten thousand people, but I do not know the capacity of the other new mills.
The silly nonsense about wheat and flour not having risen in value is too contemptible to need an argument.
Who ever believed in monopoly, in the Canterbury Settlement, where every kind of business is as free as the air we breathe? Half the bakers and storekeepers buy their wheat, which places them on the same footing with the millers; and yet the principal houses in Christchurch, who are selling more flour than all the other stores together, are buying their flour of the millers - I suppose not finding it worth their while to buy wheat.
If there is such a thing as monopoly in the settlement, I would ask the public if they do not think that the Secretary and President of the Farmers' Club have monopolized the stupidity of the settlement? I am happy in the belief that the millers have monopolized the confidence and respect of the farmers, and these we shall use our best efforts to retain.
I am, &c, D. INWOOD. Christchurch, June 9, 1859.
To the Editor of the Lyttelton Times.Brunsden replied back, along with a supporting letter from a Christchurch merchant: Lyttelton Times, Volume XI, Issue 690, 18 June 1859
Sir,- In your paper of Saturday last appears a letter emanating from the Farmers' Club, and signed by their Secretary, contradicting the report of the millers as to the prices of wheat and flour. I should have thought it unworthy of notice had there been no other object in view than in setting the public right as to the fact of the case. It appears, however, that the Farmers' Club intend erecting a mill in Hagley Park, and, with a view, no doubt, to obtain the sympathy of the public, so as to get the grant of land required for that purpose, have thought proper to malign the character of the millers; and not content with facts, have resorted to falsehood. I hear, Sir, it is the intention of the Farmers' Club to open the list of shareholders to the public, so that any who think proper can have a share. Will you allow me to suggest that the public would do right to consider well the propriety of taking shares in what may prove a mammoth bubble. As there is no Limited Liability Act in force in this settlement it appears to me a dangerous experiment.
I am, Sir, your's respectfully, A. MILLER.
WHEAT v. FLOUR.
To the Editor of the Lyttelton Times.
Sir, - I find that in your last Saturday's issue, "A Miller" accuses the Farmers' Club of having resort to falsehood to impose on the public. If a Miller will emerge from his dust, give himself a name, and point out what he believes to be false, I should be prepared to produce proofs of everything I have stated.
As regards the other letter that appeared on the same subject, I beg to inform the person who wrote it, that the Club cannot condescend to personalities even to defend its officers.
You would particulary oblige me by publishing the enclosed, as it will prove to the public, that, however interested the farmers may be in exposing the Miller monopoly, they are not singular in their views on the subject.
I am, Sir, Your humble and obedient servant, R. BRUNSDEN, Hon. Sec. Christchurch, June 15th, 1859.
[enclosure]
Christchurch, June 11, 1859.
Mr. R. Brunsden. Sir,- We notice in Mr. Inwood's letter of to day's 'Times,' that he ridicules your ideas on the relative price of wheat and flour at present existing in the settlement.
We think it right to corroborate your statement, and further to state that since our being in business in this settlement, we have never known a greater disparity in the prices to exist. Our chief reason for buying flour instead of wheat was the difficulty of getting a sufficient quantity of the latter ground to supply our customers, and not as Mr. Inwood supposes, because it was not worth while. You are at liberty to use this letter as you think fit.
We remain, your's truly,
GOULD & MILES.
There was a very fair attendance of visitors yesterday.Press, Volume XX, Issue 2308, 24 December 1872
GBAIN AND FLOUR.
This department will prove very interesting to all. In the wheat and flour the exhibits are numerous, and though some other of the productions might very easily have been much better represented, there is some consolation in the fact that all the exhibits are extremely good, the majority of them being in fact very superior. In wheat, Messrs J. and T. Meek, Oamaru, exhibit three samples; Messrs P. Cunningham and Co., Christchurch, fifteen; Mr J. H. Rodgers, Hororata Mills, two Mr J. N. Tosswill, Prebbleton, one; Mr W. D. Wood, six; and the Rev W. J. G. Bluett, one. The whole of the samples are so good, that it will be no easy task for the judges to decide their awards. All are well grown, very well got up for exhibition, and do great credit to the province, indeed they would not shame any district in the world. In every respect they fully justify the judgment of the English public as shown by recent grain advices in their preference for Canterbury wheat even beyond that of Australian growth. Amongst the samples the purple straw and Tuscan wheat, which were introduced to this province by Mr S. D. Glyde, late of Prebbleton, from Australia a few year ago, were very conspicuous. The comparison with other samples is greatly in their favour, and will earn them many friends. In the samples of spring wheat four samples are of very superior quality, and must average at least from 64 to 65 lbs to the bushel. The most notable of these is Mr J. N. Tosswill's sample of purple straw, which is remarkably well grown, and should weigh about 65 lbs to the bushel. Had a little more trouble been taken with the cleaning, it would indeed have been a really magnificent sample, and it is very probable that first prize will be awarded to it. Messrs Meeks' sample of Tuscan is also very fine grown, and by its remarkably clean condition would appear to have been passed through a smutter and cleaning tackle, specially for the occasion. It weighs about 64lbs to the bushel. Mr Bluett's exhibit of white Tuscan will doubtless stand third in the order of merit. It is very well grown, very clean, and should weigh exceedingly well. Amongst the winter wheat there appears to be six or seven remarkably good exhibits, Messrs Meeks' velvet chaff, weighing about 64lbs to the bushel, being perhaps the best of the whole. It is not only very well grown but remarkably well cleaned. A sample shown by Rodgers, Hororata will stand about second, and one by Mr. W. D. Woods is so good as to be deserving of third place. The large number of exhibits by Messrs Cunningham and Co., and principally grown in the Timaru district reflect much credit on that part of the province, but will not be likely to appear in the prize list. Mr W. D. Wood's samples also deserve strong commendation. In Oats there are only four exhibitors, of which Messrs Cunningham and Co., Christchurch, contribute two, and Mr W. H. Lane, Christchurch, two. The whole of them are of a very superior character, being very well grown and exceedingly well got up for the market. Their weight is very good in each instance; such, indeed, as will surprise any other oat-growing district in the world. They will go at least 50 lbs to the bushel, and doubtless a little over, which is very exceptional indeed. The exhibit which will attract the most attention from those understanding grain, is a rather short potato looking oat exhibited by Mr Lane. In barley, the only exhibitor is Messrs P. Cunningham and Co., Christchurch, whose sample is, however, not first-class, being small, and rather light in weight. It is very difficult to understand how this cereal should be so poorly represented. In malt there is only one exhibit, and that is not entered in the catalogue. It is only of average quality.
The exhibits of manufactures from cereals are well represented, flour particularly so. The exhibits of the latter comprise two from Messrs Meek and Co., Oamaru; one from Mr J. H. Rodgers, Hororata; four from Mr W. D. Wood, Christchurch; one from Mr G. Pannell, Christchurch; and one from Mr W. H. Lane, Christchurch. It is to be presumed the effort is the best the province can make, and most unquestionably it is a very creditable one. There is an evident superiority in the colour of the sample shown by Mr Pannell, Heathcote mills, but the one exhibited by Mr Rodgers, Hororata, must also forcibly strike the visitor as a very excellent sample. Of course it is difficult to tell the real value of flour until used, as its best properties are shown in the quantity of water it will absorb and the quantity of bread it will produce. Most of the remaining samples appear as if they had been manufactured from pearl wheat or something of that kind, which has made them a little brown and "specky." It cannot otherwise than be thought, however, by those who are competent to form an opinion, that, all the samples will satisfy any reasonable market in the world. No doubt on this subject Canterbury possesses a bad name, but it can hardly be thought deserving of it to the extent which exists in some markets. When strangers come to Christchurch they invariably wonder how it is our bread is so good, and often ask if we do not import Adelaide flour to mix with our own. The opposite of this is, however, the case, for there can be no doubt that instead of Adelaide flour being used to improve Canterbury flour here, Canterbury flour is used in other markets to improve foreign flour with. But on this subject much more could be written than space will permit, and we therefore turn to the exhibits of oatmeal, bran, &c. The only sample exhibited of the former is from Mr Steggall's mill, Rangiora, and is a very good one, well worthy of commendation. In bran there are two exhibits — one by Mr W. D. Wood, and the other by Mr W. H. Lane, both of Christchurch. Mr Wood's is the better of the two, being exceedingly well cleaned and showing good workmanship in every detail, but Mr Lane's is by no means a bad sample. In pollards, Mr Wood is the only exhibitor, with a very excellent sample indeed. In sharps, Mr Lane and Mr Wood have each one sample, but although both are really very good, the former again stands best; Messrs Trent, Brothers, have one exhibit of pearl barley, than which it would be impossible to have anything better. This concludes the notice of this department.
GRAIN" AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.
Sub-committee of Management - Messrs A. L. Smith, P. Cunningham, and J. N. Tosswill.
Judges - Messrs J. L. Wilson, A. Duncan, W. Miles, D. Christie, W. Boag, and W. Vincent,
Exhibits are classed as follows : -
Class I - Wheat, Oats, and Barley.
In this class Canterbury is almost the sole exhibitor, the exception being three samples of wheat sent in from Oamaru. Entering this portion of the exhibition from the flax court, we come to the exhibits of Messrs J. and T. Meek, of Oamaru, consisting of three bags of wheat - velvet, Tuscan, and purple straw varieties. Next to this are the wheats shown by Mr P. Cunningham, grown by Messrs Luxmoore, F. Jones, T. Anderson, R. Smith, W. Williams, and J. Jones, and the Pareora Association; also, one sample of Tuscan wheat, grown by Mr Campion, weighing 67 1/2 lbs to the bushel. In addition, Mr Cunningham shows an open case containing a number of varieties of wheat and oats, and an ingenious piece of machinery, in the shape of a weigher, to ascertain the weight per bushel. These occupy the left-hand counter, and in close proximity is a second case of different kinds of wheats, exhibited by Mr Cunningham.
Mr W. D. Wood sends six exhibits of wheat, comprising the following : -Tuscan, grown by Carlton, of Riccarton; Imperial, grown by Deans, of Riccarton; Suffolk white, grown by Deans, of Riccarton; velvet chaff, grown by Cameron, of Downs; pearl, grown by Orr, of Hawkins; Hunter's white, grown by Cameron, of Saltwater creek. Mr J. H. Rogers sends three bags of wheat, of very good quality grown by himself. Mr J. G. Bluett, of Leeston, exhibits a sample of spring wheat sown first week in September, cut first week in January which is a nice, clean, evenly-grown sample.
In oats and barley the number of exhibits are ridiculously small, only two lots of the former being shown, viz. by Messrs P. Cunningham and Co, and Mr W. H. Lane, and one of the latter grown by R. Brown and exhibited by Messrs P. Cunningham and Co.
II - Flour, Oatmeal, Bran, and Sharps.
In flour as in wheat, Canterbury sends the major part of the samples, Messrs J. and T. Meek, Oamaru, being the only outside exhibitors.
Mr W. D. Wood sends four samples made respectively from pearl, Hunter's white, Tuscan, and mixed wheats, all of which are exceedingly good. Messrs Meek have two exhibits of very fine well made flour and Mr W. H. Lane sends one bag of good flour. Mr G. Pannell aad Mr J. H. Rogers have each an exhibit in this court. Oatmeal is confined to a solitary exhibit made by E. Steggell, of Southbrook, and exhibited by Messr P. Cunningham and Co. Mr W. D. Wood and Mr W. H. Lane have each exhibits of bran, pollard, and sharps, and a well dressed bag of pearl barley exhibited by Trent Brothers, closes the list of articles in this class.
THE VOLUNTEERS. THE EASTER ENCAMPMENT.Marlborough Express, Volume XXXIII, Issue 80, 4 April 1898
The Volunteer encampment which is to be held at Easter will probably be the largest that has ever been held in Wellington. The site selected is at Burnham, on the Miramar Flat, close to the Messrs. Crawford's windmill. On Monday morning a fatigue party from the Permanent Militia will start to pitch the tents there. The Wellington Naval Brigade, the three rifle companies at head-quarters, and the Garrison Band will assemble at Mount Cook Drillshed at 8 a.m. on Friday, 8th April, and march to camp; the D Battery Artillery, with guns horsed, following an hour later. The Taranaki Rifles will leave for Wellington by special train at 2 p.m. on Thursday, the Wairoa Mounted Rifles joining this train at Waverley at 6 p.m., the contingent of Manawatu Mounted Rifles at Feilding at 10.30 p.m., and the remainder of the Manawatu Mounted Rifles and the Palmerston North Rifles at Palmerston at midnight. The Alexandra Cavalry, Wanganui Rifles, and supernumerary band will start by special train from Wanganui at 9 p.m., the Royal Rifles joining at Marton at 11 p.m., and the Manchester Rifles at Feilding at midnight. The Napier Guards and Napier Rifles and supernumerary band will leave home at 8 p.m., the Hastings Rifles joining at 8.45 p.m., and the Woodville Rifles at 1 o'clock on Friday morning. All the corps will be in camp by noon on Friday, and very little drill will be done until the next day. On Sunday morning there will be a church parade in camp, and the Bishop of Wellington will preach. On Monday a sham-fight is to take place, and soon afterwards the men will break camp.
The site of the Wellington Volunteer encampment will be at Barnham, on the Miramar Flat, close to Messrs Crawford's windmill. It is said that the camp will be the largest that has ever been held in Wellington.Evening Post, Volume LV, Issue 144, 20 June 1898
Messrs. Lyous & Daly are making excellent progress with the construction of the new road through the hill on the Miramar Peninsula close to Crawford's windmill. It is expected that the work will be completed in about a month, and there will then be a level road between Kilbirnie and the range overlooking Worser Bay.
From: Julius Vogel, Agent General [London] Date: 8 October 1878 Subject: Invoice and Bill of Lading 4 packages comprising a Windmill per "Piako" for Canterbury.Piako experienced a fire on the journey to New Zealand, and was forced to put in to Perambuco in Brazil to save the ship, and effect repairs: Wairarapa Standard, Volume 9, Issue 809, 14 January 1879, Page 2
The New Zealand Shipping Company have received telegraphic advices to the effect that the ship Piako, which put into Pernambuco on fire, had left Pernambuco on the 29th ult. to continue her voyage to Lyttelton. It was ascertained that the fire had been confined to the cargo in the forehold, and the hull of the ship was uninjured. It was found necessary to scuttle her, but she was raised in three days without having sustained any damage in the process, her passengers meanwhile being put on board the Loch Doon. It is not known positively whether or not they were subsequently returned to the Piako, or whether the Loch Doon took them on, but it is believed that they are again on board the Piako, and that she is bringing them to New Zealand.Some of the damaged cargo was sold off in Brazil: Globe, Volume XX, Issue 1526, 8 January 1879, Page 2
[per press agency.] Wellington, January 8. The Piako, from London to Lyttelton, has repaired at Pernambuco, and proceeded on her voyage. A portion of her cargo was sold by auction through being unfit for re-shipment.The rest continued on with the ship to New Zealand, arriving on 6th March 1879. Due to the wish to hold an enquiry in to the fire, the press were not immediately let on board, so they did not do their regular task of listing the cargo consignments in detail: Star, Issue 3402, 6 March 1879, Page 2
Arrival of the Piako. — The Piako arrived yesterday after a delayed passage from Pernambuco. The ship is in good order and all well on board. The Government intend to hold an enquiry into the fire this morning, and no one was allowed to leave the ship last night in consequence, nor were the Press representatives admitted on board, Such scanty particulars as were obtainable will be found in our shipping columns.The cargo that arrive in New Zealand included:
New Railway Exgines. — Instructions have been given to discharge the two new railway engines out of the Piako as quickly as possible. It is probable that an arrangement will be made with the Government to thoroughly clean the machinery and put it in the same condition as when shipped, the vessel bearing any extra expense incurred.Press, Volume XXXI, Issue 4268, 3 April 1879, Page 2
Engines by the Piako. - Mr Smith, the head of the locomotive department, proceeded to Lyttelton on Tuesday for the purpose of making an official examination of the two engines just discharged from the ship Piako, which, it will be recollected, was scuttled at Pernambnco in consequence of being on fire. They were found to be not nearly so much damaged as was expected, and it is considered that they can be both thoroughly overhauled and repaired for the sum of £400, which amount will have to be paid by the insurance companies. The damage was principally done through the sea water, which has completely rusted the engines, and the work of cleaning them will be undertaken by the railway department. The boilers are still on board, but it is not anticipated that they will be found to be much damaged. As the value of the engines in question is something like £4000, the loss will not be so very serious after all.
There are no less than four ships discharging railroad iron at the Gladstone pier to-day, viz , the Piako, Orthes, Arethusa, and Boyne; so that there will be a large demand for trucks, which are by no means plentiful.
THE ANNUAL AUTUMN AND WINTER DISPLAY OF DRAPERY; EX TIMES, PIAKO, BENARES, S.S. SOMERSETSHIRE R.M.S.S. ASSAM, ALSO LYTTELTON.
JAS. STRACHAN has now opened his Large Shipments of Drapery, Millinery, Mantles, Shawls, Silks; Men's and Boys' Clothing, Shirts, Hats and Caps; Men's, Women's, and Children's Boots and Shoes; Brussels, Tapestry, Kidderminster, and Felt Carpets; also, Floor and Passage Cloths (all widths).
These comprise all the most Fashionable Goods of the Season bought in the Home and Foreign Markets.
J. S. further begs to inform his numerous Friends and Customers that as his Shipments for this season are exceedingly large, he has determined to make an IMMENSE REDUCTION of 25 per cent on the usual prices, in order to make room for further Shipments to arrive.
From: F D Bell, Agent General, [London] Date: 17 November 1881 Subject: Settlement of claim for General Average by the "Piako" - Asking if claim for damage to windmill was made.
A young man named O'Grady met with an accident at Mr Dahl's factory in Church-street this morning. The power for the machinery is supplied by a windmill, and while engaged in putting on the belt, O'Grady got his arm entangled in some cogs. He was being drawn further into the cogwheels when his predicament was noticed by Mr P. Milverton, who rushed in and pulled O'Grady free from the wheels. The latter's arm was badly lacerated and cut, but not broken. He was attended by Dr Macintire and removed to his home on Foxton Line.Manawatu Times, Volume XXVII, Issue 7951, 14 January 1905, Page 2
Mr O'Grady, an employee of Mr C. Dahl, had his arm caught in the cogwheels of a windmill yesterday and badly lacerated.Dahl was disposing of a wind engine a few years later: Manawatu Standard, Volume XLI, Issue 8711, 14 October 1908, Page 1
FOR SALE - One 12ft Aero iron windmill, complete with sixty foot steel frame and gear. Apply Manager, C. Dahl, Warehouse, Main Street.
WANTED, by a Miller, a SITUATION as STONE-MAN, SPOUTSMAN, or GENERAL MILLER, or FOREMAN in a Flour Mill. - Address, C.E., office of this paper.
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